This article has been published at
http://www.pakistanherald.com/article/8259/30-october-2015/misconceptions-about-shia-islam(col)-a-sunni-perspective
The start of holy month of Moharram witnesses a serious
debate regarding Shia Islam amongst the Sunni Muslims of Pakistan. Unfortunately
in many of the aspects, this debate is driven by emotions and misconceptions
and has no knowledge based reasoning. The misguiding concepts of the two groups
about each other have done nothing more than seriously destroying the unity of
Muslims around the world while provoking hatred and anger for each other. The
discussions are mostly superficial and I being a sunni myself do not believe in
the core shia concepts but I was once a believer of many misconceptions
regarding Shias. However, it was not long ago that I started reading things by
myself and having discussions with many shia friends on the misconceptions with
a rational basis. I would like to share my evolution of thought in this matter
with an aim of brining harmony between the two groups wherever possible and
encouraging an atmosphere of constructive debates.
Shia Islam is a detailed and controversial topic in islamic
history and requires serious understanding of Islamic fundamental thought before
jumping to any conclusions but unfortunately, our society has a tendency of
superficial thinking in some very critical matters. First of all, we need to
know that there are several sects amongst the shias namely, Jafari, Zaidi, Ismaili etc. In Pakistan, the
only serious debate occurs between Jafari Shia and Sunnis. The other prominent
groups like Agha Khanis and Bohris are seldom part of discussion because of
their minority and very closed community structure. Zaidis are mostly found in
Yemen so no discussion there as well.
Now coming to the question, what is Jafari Shia Islam? If
you ask a layman sunni, an abrubt answer would be that they are kafir
(Non-Muslim) because they abuse sahaba like Hazrat Abu bakr(R.A), Hazrat Umar
(R.A), Hazrat Ayesha (R.A) they believe Hazrat Ali (R.A.) is God, they pray from
Hazrat Ali (R.A) and ask for his support, they do not believe in 30 chapters of
Quran, they think Hazrat Ali (R.A) is above Prophet Mohammad (S.A.W), they pray
three times, they think Hazrat Ali (R.A) is all knowing, they have changed the
kalma, they do matam with knives and spill blood etc. This is supposed to be an
informed answer from a sunni which is also mostly incorrect and filled with
misconceptions. But if you talk to the badly informed ones, you would find
nothing but hatred and bias to discuss Shias. For Instance, Shias are accused
to be from the family of Jews and accused of spitting in food for a sunni muslim
and there are several offensive terms used to describe them. This is all based
on the rumours and misconceptions that are spread amongst the mainstream sunni
families.
The best part in such a discussion with a sunni is that when
you tell him that I ate lunch together with my shia friend and he did not spit
on my plate nor has he changed his kalma, the answer is: Umair! You do not
know. They do taqqayya (hide their faith) and they lie on your face. If that is
true, then consequently, whatever the sunnis say about Shias is correct and
whatever the Shias say in justification is taqqayya. I really do not buy this unusual
logic in which only the accuser is correct and the accused is a liar and
therefore the accused is guilty! What an absurd way of thinking!
After several discussions with my shia friends and some
serious literature reading on this topic, I think I am in a position to clarify
many of the misconceptions of my sunni fellows. The objective is not to offend
any group with my views or to hurt the feelings of anyone but it is to initiate
a sensible dialogue in an environment of lack of knowledge and misconceptions.
The sole purpose is to highlight the notions that divide us but are not
actually there.
First point. The biggest misconception amongst sunnis is
that all shia groups are the same. This causes the greatest hurdle in a
fruitful discussion on this subject. In Pakistan and even across the muslim
world, the mainstream majority shia group is generally known as the Twelver Shia or Ithnā'ashariyyah or Imami or Ja'fari. The second most influential group amongst the
shias are the Zaidis and then comes others like Ismaili, Alawi, Nauseri, Bohri
etc. Understanding the difference amongst the prominent groups is fundamental
to the shia sunni discourse. The Jafari for example have the understanding of
12 Imaam while the Zaidis accept 5 Imaam and the Ismaili Bohras believe in 21
Imaams and the Ismaili Agha Khanis have the 49th current Imaam.
Since Imaam is a fundamental concept amongst Shia groups, it is evident that
difference on the Imaams would mean difference in understanding on fundamental
issues.
Second point. The jafaris do not consider Hazrat Ali (R.A)
as God or higher or equal to the Prophethood of Muhammad (S.A.W) or that Angel
Gabriel made a mistake. They do consider Hazrat Ali (R.A) as an Imaam
(Spiritual leader) who is Masoom (pure from any sins) and the heir of the
Khilafah after Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). These concepts do not in anyway
contradict the fundamentals of Islam. Considering someone Pure or the heir to
the khilafah is a matter of difference of opinion in jurisprudence and no known
scholar of repute consider it a basis of takfir (disbelief).
Third point. It is an absolute lie that shias have a quran
with 40 chapters. You can go and visit to your shia friend house or a shia
mosque and you would find the same quran. There is disagreements on the tafseer
aspect of the Quran of Shias and Sunnis and this is a domain in which even many
sunnis groups and sahaba had disagreements.
Fourth point. The kalma of shia and sunnis is the same which
is a declaration of faith of all muslims. They do add “Ali(R.A) is a friend of
God” . If you ask a serious fiqhi Shia or sunni Scholar that adding this after
the kalma or before the kalma is kufr (disbelief), his answer would be in the
negative. The Kalma remains the same and adding something which does not
contradict the fundamentals of Islam is not a matter of disbelief by any
standards and it does not mean that the kalma has been changed.
Fifth point. The most misunderstood issue on both sides is
the issue of abusing the Sahaba. It is well accepted by sunni and shia scholars
alike that abusing anyone is haram in Islam as per the hadith of the prophet
S.A.W saying that “Abusing a muslim is fisq (haram)”. The issue of the Sahaba
with the shias is the political issues over several matters i.e. The matter of
heir to Khalifa, the battle of Jamal, The Battle of Siffeen, the issue of
Karbala, the issue of hazrat Fatima land etc. On the basis of their
understanding of ill-treatment, the jafri shia declare disbelief on Hazrat Abu
bakr R.A and Hazrat Umar R.A. The learned shia view this matter as a sign of
dissatisfaction on such matters however, abusing is still out of question. There
is a fatwa of Grand Ayatullah Sistani that it is kufr(disbelief) on those who
disrespect bibi Ayesha (R.A). Moreover, it is an absolutely wrong opinion that
shia abuse or reject all the sahaba other than ahl-e-bait. Infact Imaam Jafer
Sadiq had praised the Sahaba of Rasulullah (S.A.W) in the book Misbah al
Shariah as follows:
"Allah (S.W.T) from amongst the Sahaba had selected a
group, and showered them with respect, they were successful and the blessed
lips of Rasulullah (s) praised them for virtues. You should [likewise] love
them, extol their virtues and separate from the people of Bidah as sitting with
them leads to one's heart being filled with kufr and hatred".
Just like the badly informed Sunnis and their unacceptable
allegations, the badly informed Shias go on and start abusing some of the
sahaba publicly which creates chaos amongst the Sunnis who love the companions
of Rasolullah (s.a.w) and naturally their emotions are provoked when they hear
abusive language about Hazrat Abu bakr R.A. and Hazrat Umar R.A. who have been
praised by many hadith from Rasoolullah (s.a.w). This has been the biggest
cause of hatred and dispute amongst the sunnis and shias which has given rise
to organizations like Sipah sahaba and Lashkar jhangvi and Sipah Mohammad in
retaliation.
Sixth point. The issue of praying only 3 namaz and praying
with hands un-folded. Shia pray all 5 prayers and they do combine prayers of
noon/afternoon and evening/night prayer. This combining of prayers is done
during time of hajj and even travelling by many sunni schools of thoughts. Not
folding hands during namaz and combining prayers is a matter of jurisprudence
based on Imaam Jafer sadiq which is well accepted by the Sunni schools of
thought like Imaam Shafi. So once again, this is nothing more than a
misconception and lack of knowledge about Islam.
Seventh point. If you ask a shia that Hazrat Ali (R.A) is
all knowing and has the power to help, the learned one would say that he knows
what all knowing Allah has informed him through his messenger Prophet S.A.W and
he is the wali ullah ( Allah’s friend ) so if he requests from Allah regarding
a matter then Allah will bestow that to us. So it is a matter of fact that it
is only Allah who is all knowing and all powerful. This concept has no flaw
with regards to the fundamentals of Islam. There are some mainstream Brelvi
sunni muslims who have the same understanding on this matter with their
Spiritual leaders.
Eight point. Regarding the issue of matam, there is
disagreement between ayatollah of Iran and Ayatullah of Iraq. There is a clear
fatwa by the ayatollah khomeni that pronounces it forbidden to hit yourself
with knives and spill blood while the other Ayatullah of Iraq agrees to this
practice. Does that make one a kafir (disbeliever)? The Sunni position on this
issue is that it is haram to do matam. But to mourn the death of Imaam Hussain
R.A. is completely allowed. The disagreement is on the styles of mourning and
nothing else.
The above discussion should sum up a lot of the debate that
goes on amongst the Sunni Muslims and it should give them a new perspective to
re-think about Jafri fiqh in Shia Islam especially from the perspective of
takfir (disbelief). This understanding is very important at both ends and a
sensible serious dialogue should be started by the scholars of both groups.
This would create harmony amongst the two groups and bring them close. We
should become a party in spreading this call of unity and should not be
infected by the negative propaganda of hatred, lies and misconceptions on both
ends.
